At the end of the last Ice Age, the British Isles were a hard place to live. Ice sheets loomed to the north, tundra stretched across much of the land, and animals moved with the seasons in search of grass. For a long time, archaeologists assumed humans only returned once the cold truly loosened its grip.

A ‘25 study1 suggests something subtler and more revealing. People did not wait for a full climatic makeover. They moved as soon as summer warmth crossed a narrow threshold.









